User Story Writing

Turn requirements, feature ideas, and epics into stories a team can estimate and deliver. The product is the story set, not prose about the feature.

Story Format

### [ID] [Title — verb phrase, outcome-oriented]
**As a** [specific user role — not "user"], **I want to** [action], **so that** [value the role actually cares about].

#### Acceptance Criteria
- Given [precondition], when [action], then [observable outcome]
- ...

For system-level or compliance-driven requirements where the persona format gets artificial, use EARS instead:

INVEST Check

Run every story against INVEST before delivering; fix violations rather than annotating them:

• Independent — schedulable without forcing another story into the same sprint
• Negotiable — captures intent, not implementation; the "how" stays open
• Valuable — the "so that" names value for the role; "so that the database is updated" fails
• Estimable — a developer could size it; unknowns extracted into spike stories
• Small — fits comfortably in a sprint; otherwise split (see below)
• Testable — every criterion observable; "works correctly" fails

Epic Splitting Patterns

Apply the first pattern that yields shippable slices:

1. By workflow step — each step of the user journey is a story (browse → select → pay → confirm).
2. Happy path first — story 1 is the simplest successful flow; error handling, edge cases, and limits follow as separate stories.
3. By business rule — base behavior first, each rule variation (discounts, regions, roles) its own story.
4. By data variation — support one input type first (e.g. domestic transfers), add types incrementally.
5. CRUD split — create first, then read/update/delete if each carries real value.

Never split by architectural layer — a "backend story" with nothing demonstrable is not a story.

Definition of Ready

A story is ready for sprint planning when:

• [ ] Acceptance criteria cover the happy path AND at least one failure/edge path
• [ ] Dependencies identified (other stories, external teams, data)
• [ ] Security consideration noted where the story touches auth, money, or personal data (one line; use the security-story-writing skill for dedicated security stories)
• [ ] UX reference attached where there's a user interface
• [ ] Team can estimate it without a meeting-length discussion

Guidelines

• Write criteria the QA engineer can execute verbatim. Vague criteria are deferred arguments.
• Keep the user role honest: if every story says "as a user", the personas were never real. Use the actual role names from the product.
• When given a batch of raw requirements, first group them into epics, present the grouping for confirmation, then split — don't generate 40 stories in one shot.
• Resist gold-plating: if a criterion doesn't trace back to the "so that", cut it.