Practical Async Patterns with fp-ts

Stop writing nested try/catch blocks. Stop losing error context. Start building clean async pipelines that handle errors properly.

TaskEither is simply an async operation that tracks success or failure. That's it. No fancy terminology needed.

When to Use

• You need async error handling in TypeScript with TaskEither.
• The task involves wrapping Promises, composing API calls, or replacing nested try/catch flows.
• You want practical fp-ts async patterns instead of academic explanations.

// TaskEither<Error, User> means:
// "An async operation that either fails with Error or succeeds with User"

1. Wrapping Promises Safely

The Problem: Try/Catch Everywhere

// BEFORE: Try/catch hell
async function getUserData(userId: string) {
  try {
    const response = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}`)
    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}`)
    }
    const user = await response.json()

    try {
      const posts = await fetch(`/api/users/${userId}/posts`)
      if (!posts.ok) {
        throw new Error(`HTTP ${posts.status}`)
      }
      const postsData = await posts.json()
      return { user, posts: postsData }
    } catch (postsError) {
      // Now what? Return partial data? Rethrow? Log?
      console.error('Failed to fetch posts:', postsError)
      return { user, posts: [] }
    }
  } catch (error) {
    // Lost all context about what failed
    console.error('Something failed:', error)
    throw error
  }
}

The Solution: Wrap Once, Handle Cleanly

import * as TE from 'fp-ts/TaskEither'
import * as E from 'fp-ts/Either'
import { pipe } from 'fp-ts/function'

// One wrapper function - reuse everywhere
const fetchJson = <T>(url: string): TE.TaskEither<Error, T> =>
  TE.tryCatch(
    async () => {
      const response = await fetch(url)
      if (!response.ok) {
        throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`)
      }
      return response.json()
    },
    (error) => error instanceof Error ? error : new Error(String(error))
  )

// AFTER: Clean and composable
const getUser = (userId: string) => fetchJson<User>(`/api/users/${userId}`)
const getPosts = (userId: string) => fetchJson<Post[]>(`/api/users/${userId}/posts`)

tryCatch Explained

TE.tryCatch takes two things:

1. An async function that might throw
2. A function to convert the thrown value into your error type

TE.tryCatch(
  () => somePromise,           // The async work
  (thrown) => toError(thrown)  // Convert failures to your error type
)

Creating Success and Failure Values

// Wrap a value as success
const success = TE.right<Error, number>(42)

// Wrap a value as failure
const failure = TE.left<Error, number>(new Error('Nope'))

// From a nullable value (null/undefined becomes error)
const fromNullable = TE.fromNullable(new Error('Value was null'))
const result = fromNullable(maybeUser) // TaskEither<Error, User>

// From a condition
const mustBePositive = TE.fromPredicate(
  (n: number) => n > 0,
  (n) => new Error(`Expected positive, got ${n}`)
)

2. Chaining Async Operations

The Problem: Callback Hell / Nested Awaits

// BEFORE: Deeply nested, hard to follow
async function processOrder(orderId: string) {
  try {
    const order = await fetchOrder(orderId)
    if (!order) throw new Error('Order not found')

    try {
      const user = await fetchUser(order.userId)
      if (!user) throw new Error('User not found')

      try {
        const inventory = await checkInventory(order.items)
        if (!inventory.available) throw new Error('Out of stock')

        try {
          const payment = await chargePayment(user, order.total)
          if (!payment.success) throw new Error('Payment failed')

          try {
            const shipment = await createShipment(order, user)
            return { order, shipment, payment }
          } catch (e) {
            // Refund payment? Log? What's the state now?
            await refundPayment(payment.id)
            throw e
          }
        } catch (e) {
          throw e
        }
      } catch (e) {
        throw e
      }
    } catch (e) {
      throw e
    }
  } catch (e) {
    console.error('Order processing failed', e)
    throw e
  }
}

The Solution: Clean Pipelines with chain

// AFTER: Flat, readable pipeline
const processOrder = (orderId: string) =>
  pipe(
    fetchOrder(orderId),
    TE.chain(order => fetchUser(order.userId)),
    TE.chain(user =>
      pipe(
        checkInventory(order.items),
        TE.chain(inventory => chargePayment(user, order.total))
      )
    ),
    TE.chain(payment => createShipment(order, user, payment))
  )

chain vs map

Use map when your transformation is synchronous and can't fail:

pipe(
  fetchUser(userId),
  TE.map(user => user.name.toUpperCase())  // Just tran