Solana Vaults

Overview

A vault on Solana is a smart-contract bucket that pools capital from many depositors and routes it through a single strategy — perp market making, lending, LP provision, restaking, basis trades — managed by a delegate or curator. Depositors receive share tokens (or share accounting in a PDA) representing a proportional claim on the underlying pool, which grows or shrinks with strategy P&L net of fees.

Per Mert Mumtaz (Helius CEO), vaults are a top-5 Solana priority for 2026: they let stablecoin holders earn delta-neutral yield without running the strategy themselves, they compose with lending and perp protocols natively, and they're the dominant primitive for "DeFi without an interface" — agents, wallets, and apps embed vault deposits as a single button. Total vault TVL across the major Solana platforms now exceeds $5B (Kamino alone is ~$2.4B per DeFiLlama as of Q2 2026).

The major Solana vault platforms covered here:

• Drift Vaults — permissionless delegate-managed vaults on top of Drift perps v2 (market making, basis, JLP hedging). $200M+ TVL.
• Kamino — automated lending + concentrated-liquidity vaults; #1 by TVL on Solana.
• Jito Vaults — restaking vaults that mint Vault Receipt Tokens (VRTs) backed by SPL tokens delegated to operators.
• Marginfi — lending banks with mrgnLST liquid staking and isolated-mode vaults.
• Meteora — Alpha Vaults (pre-sale anti-bot vaults) and DLMM vaults for LP automation.

This skill ships working deposit scripts for Drift Vaults and Kamino Lend (both have stable, public TypeScript SDKs) and documents the integration pattern for the others.

When to use this skill

• "Deposit USDC into a Drift vault" / "How do I interact with the Turbocharger or Circuit vault?"
• "Lend USDC on Kamino and read my share balance"
• "Stake into a Jito VRT" / "How does restaking on Solana work?"
• "Build a yield aggregator that routes USDC across Solana vaults"
• "Wrap a vault deposit in an agent action for my app"
• "Withdraw from a vault with a lockup epoch"

Not for: spot DEX swaps (see jupiter-swap skill), launching a fungible token (see token-launch), or writing the vault program itself (see anchor-scaffold + read the Drift Vaults source as a reference impl).

Prerequisites

Pin these versions — verified against mainnet-beta on 2026-05-21:

{
  "dependencies": {
    "@solana/web3.js": "1.98.0",
    "@solana/spl-token": "0.4.14",
    "@coral-xyz/anchor": "0.30.1",
    "@drift-labs/sdk": "2.122.0-beta.0",
    "@drift-labs/vaults-sdk": "0.3.4",
    "@kamino-finance/klend-sdk": "7.3.15",
    "bn.js": "5.2.1",
    "bs58": "6.0.0",
    "dotenv": "16.4.5"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "typescript": "5.6.3",
    "tsx": "4.19.2",
    "@types/node": "22.9.0",
    "@types/bn.js": "5.1.5"
  }
}

Environment:

# .env
RPC_URL=https://mainnet.helius-rpc.com/?api-key=YOUR_KEY   # Helius recommended for vault txs (compute, priority fees)
WALLET_SECRET=base58-encoded-keypair-secret

You will need:

• USDC mainnet: mint EPjFWdd5AufqSSqeM2qN1xzybapC8G4wEGGkZwyTDt1v. Most vaults on this list quote in USDC.
• A funded wallet with ~0.05 SOL for fees and rent (vault depositor PDAs are ~0.012 SOL rent-exempt).
• An RPC that supports simulateTransaction with replaceRecentBlockhash — Helius, Triton, or QuickNode. Free public RPC will rate-limit you mid-deposit.

Workflow

Core concepts

#### Shares vs. underlying

When you deposit X USDC into a vault, the program records your shares, not your USDC. Shares are minted at the current pricePerShare = totalEquity / totalShares. Your underlying balance at any time is yourShares * pricePerShare. If strategy P&L is +10%, pricePerShare rises 10% and your USDC-equivalent balance rises 10% without your share count changing. Never display share counts to users as "your balance" — always convert to underlying first.

Some vaults (Drift, Kamino kvaults, Jito) tokenize shares as transferable SPL tokens; others (older Drift vaults, Marginfi banks) keep shares inside a PDA. Tokenized shares are composable (you can post them as collateral elsewhere); PDA shares are simpler and cheaper.

#### Deposit flow (general shape)

1. Derive the VaultDepositor PDA (or load your obligation/account) from [vault_pubkey, authority_pubkey].
2. If first-time deposit, send an initializeVaultDepositor ix (creates the PDA, pays rent).
3. Get a USDC ATA on your wallet, ensure sufficient balance.
4. Call deposit(vaultDepositor, amount) — the program transfers USDC from your ATA, mints shares to the depositor record, and updates totalShares / totalEquity.
5. Confirm with getVaultDepositor() and convert shares → underlying using current pricePerShare.

#### Withdraw flow

Most strategy vaults have a withdraw request → finalization two-step because the manager needs time to unwind positions:

1. requestWithdraw(vaultDepositor, sharesOrAmount, withdrawUnit) — locks the requested shares at the current price-per-share and starts the redeem_period timer.
2. Wait redeem_period (Drift mainnet default: 7 days for most vaults, 24 hours for short-lockup ones).
3. withdraw(vaultDepositor) — burns the locked shares, transfers USDC back. If pricePerShare dropped during the wait, you receive less than originally quoted (this is intentional — withdrawers absorb their pro-rata of any drawdown).

Kamino lending (non-locked) skips the request step — you call withdraw and get USDC immediately if the reserve has liquidity.

#### Lockups and epochs

• Drift Vaults: per-vault redeem_period (seconds). Cancel a pending request with cancelRequestWithdraw.
• Jito Vaults: epoch-based (Solana epoch ≈ 2 days). Cooldown spans multiple epochs for slashing safety.
• Kamino lockup vaults (e.g. JTO liquidity program): 30-day lock, then continuous unlock.
• Meteora Alpha Vaults: deposit window → purchase window → vesting; no withdraw before vesting starts.

Always check the specific vault's parameters before quoting a withdrawal time to a user.

#### Performance fees and high-water marks

Drift Vaults charge fees in two places:

• Management fee (annualized, accrued continuously, paid to manager regardless of P&L).
• Profit share (a.k.a. performance fee) — typically 20–30%, charged only on new profits above the high-water mark (HWM) per depositor.

The HWM is per-depositor, not per-vault: if you deposited at HWM=$1.00/share and the vault drew down to $0.95 then rallied to $1.05, you pay profit share on the $0.05 above your HWM, not on the full $0.10 recovery. New depositors who entered at $0.95 pay on the full $0.10. This makes profit share fair across cohorts but means you cannot back out vault APY from price-per-share alone — net APY depends on your entry point.

Kamino lending has no profit share — just a spread between borrow APY and supply APY plus a reserve protocol fee.

Provider-by-provider

#### Drift Vaults

SDK: @drift-labs/vaults-sdk (npm, GitHub).

Pattern (see scripts/deposit-drift-vault.ts for the full runnable version):

import { VaultClient, getVaultDepositorAddressSync, VAULT_PROGRAM_ID } from '@drift-labs/vaults-sdk';
import { DriftClient, BulkAccountLoader } from '@drift-labs/sdk';

const vaultClient = new VaultClient({ driftClient, program });
const vaultPubkey = new PublicKey('...');                    // e.g. Turbocharger, Circuit, hJLP
const vaultDepositor = getVaultDepositorAddressSync(VAULT_PROGRAM_ID, vaultPubkey, wallet.publicKey);

// First deposit creates the depositor PDA atomically:
const sig = await vaultClient.deposit(
  vaultDepositor,
  new BN(100_000_000),                                       // 100 USDC (6 decimals)
  { authority: wallet.publicKey, vault: vaultPubkey }        // init on first deposit
);

const vd = await vaultClient.getVaultDepositor(vaultDepositor);
console.log('Shares:', vd.vaultShares.toString());

Find live vault pubkeys at https://app.drift.trade/vaults/strategy-vaults (click a vault → copy the pubkey from the URL).

Withdraw: requestWithdraw(vaultDepositor, sharesOrAmount, WithdrawUnit.SHARES | WithdrawUnit.TOKEN) → wait redeem_period → withdraw(vaultDepositor). Cancel with cancelRequestWithdraw(vaultDepositor).

#### Kamino Lend

SDK: @kamino-finance/klend-sdk (npm, GitHub).

Pattern (see scripts/deposit-kamino-vault.ts):

import { KaminoMarket, KaminoAction, VanillaObligation, PROGRAM_ID } from '@kamino-finance/klend-sdk';
import { address } from '@solana/kit';

const MAIN_MARKET = address('7u3HeHxYDLhnCoErrtycNokbQYbWGzLs6JSDqGAv5PfF');
const market = await KaminoMarket.load(connection, MAIN_MARKET);

const action = await KaminoAction.buildDepositTxns(
  market,
  '100000000',                                               // 100 USDC raw
  'USDC',
  new VanillaObligation(PROGRAM_ID)
);
// action.setupIxs, action.lendingIxs, action.cleanupIxs — bundle into a versioned tx

Other Kamino markets:

• JLP market: DxXdAyU3kCjnyggvHmY5nAwg5cRbbmdyX3npfDMjjMek
• Altcoin market: ByYiZxp8QrdN9qbdtaAiePN8AAr3qvTPppNJDpf5DVJ5

Kamino has separate kvaults (concentrated-liquidity automated LP vaults) using kliquidity-sdk — different surface area; see the references doc.

#### Jito Vaults

SDK: @jito-foundation/restaking-sdk and @jito-foundation/vault-sdk. Each vault has a Vault Receipt Token (VRT) — an SPL token you receive on deposit and burn on withdraw. Withdrawals are epoch-cooldown-gated.

Docs: https://docs.restaking.jito.network/ Mint a VRT against a supported SPL deposit token → VRT accrues yield from operators serving NCNs (Node Consensus Networks).

#### Marginfi

SDK: @mrgnlabs/marginfi-client-v2. Marginfi treats lending as "banks" not "vaults" but the deposit semantics are identical (shares-vs-underlying via liquidity index).

import { MarginfiClient, getConfig } from '@mrgnlabs/marginfi-client-v2';
const client = await MarginfiClient.fetch(getConfig('production'), wallet, connection);
const account = await client.createMarginfiAccount();
const usdcBank = client.getBankByTokenSymbol('USDC');
await account.deposit(100, usdcBank.address);

#### Meteora

• DLMM Vaults (@meteora-ag/dlmm-vault): wraps @meteora-ag/dlmm LP positions in a vault accounting layer.
• Alpha Vaults (@meteora-ag/alpha-vault-sdk): launchpad anti-bot vaults — depositors lock USDC during a window, get pro-rata allocation of the launching token, then vest.

Treat Meteora deposits as LP positions with impermanent loss, not lending — APY numbers blend fees and IL.

Building your own vault

If a provider doesn't fit your strategy, fork drift-labs/drift-vaults — it's the cleanest open-source reference for share accounting, HWM tracking, and request-based withdrawals on Solana. It's Anchor-based, well-commented, and has a CLI + UI template (drift-labs/vaults-ui-template) you can adapt. Key decisions:

• Tokenize shares (SPL mint) or PDA-only? Tokenize if you want composability, PDA-only for gas.
• Fixed-period redemption (Drift-style) or epoch-based (Jito-style)?
• Manager scope: order placement only (Drift's delegate model — manager cannot withdraw funds) vs. full custody.

Common pitfalls

1. Confusing shares with underlying balance. A vault that returns vaultShares: 100000000 does NOT mean the depositor has 100 USDC. Multiply by pricePerShare (often stored as totalEquity / totalShares, sometimes a Q64.64 fixed-point number — check the program's IDL). Drift's VaultDepositor.vaultShares and Vault.totalShares are both i128; divide carefully.

1. Skipping `initializeVaultDepositor` on first deposit. The deposit ix requires the depositor PDA to exist. Drift's SDK can init atomically if you pass the initVaultDepositor arg, but if you forget it and the account doesn't exist, the tx will fail with AccountNotInitialized rather than auto-creating. Always check getAccountInfo(vaultDepositor) first or pass the init arg.

1. Withdrawing during a lockup epoch. Drift requestWithdraw does not pay you immediately — it queues a request that finalizes after redeem_period. Calling withdraw before the period expires fails with WithdrawNotAvailable. Users repeatedly try to "withdraw faster" by re-requesting; that just resets the timer in some implementations. Educate users that the timer is one-way.

1. High-water mark gotchas. Profit share is charged per-depositor against your HWM, not the vault's all-time high. If you deposited at $1.20/share, dropped to $1.00, and the vault is now at $1.10, the manager owes you no profit share on the recovery (it's below your HWM) — but new depositors who entered at $1.00 pay full freight on the $0.10 gain. When displaying "your net APY," always compute against the depositor's recorded HWM, never the vault-level totalEquity / totalShares.

1. Vault manager rug / delegate scope confusion. Drift's delegate model only lets the manager place orders on the vault's Drift account — they cannot withdraw user funds. But some vaults (especially homegrown ones or non-audited forks) give the manager full transfer authority. Before depositing, verify on-chain: read the vault's delegate field and check what instructions that key can sign in the program. If the manager keypair has any Transfer authority on the vault's USDC ATA, it's a rug-able design.

1. Misreading APY displays. Drift and Kamino UIs display APY as a trailing 30-day annualized return, not a guaranteed yield. A vault showing "200% APY" likely had one outlier month and is mean-reverting. Always look at the all-time return chart and the manager's risk parameters (leverage, position limits) before quoting expected returns.

1. Using public RPCs for vault deposits. Vault deposit txs touch 8–20 accounts and trigger a price update CPI; they exceed the compute budget on small RPCs and silently drop. Use Helius / Triton / QuickNode with simulateTransaction first, set computeUnitLimit to ~600k, and add a setComputeUnitPrice priority-fee ix.

1. Reading stale account state. Drift's VaultClient uses a BulkAccountLoader cache — if you await deposit(...) then immediately await getVaultDepositor(...), you may read the pre-deposit snapshot. Call await driftClient.accountSubscriber.fetch() between writes and reads, or load with a fresh connection.getAccountInfo and decode manually.

References

• scripts/deposit-drift-vault.ts — depositing USDC into a Drift vault, reading share balance.
• scripts/deposit-kamino-vault.ts — depositing USDC into Kamino main market USDC reserve.
• references/vault-providers.md — comparison table: strategy type, lockup, fees, SDK, TVL.

External:

• Drift Vaults docs: https://github.com/drift-labs/drift-vaults/wiki
• Drift Vaults SDK source: https://github.com/drift-labs/drift-vaults/tree/master/ts/sdk
• Kamino docs: https://docs.kamino.finance/
• Kamino klend-sdk: https://github.com/Kamino-Finance/klend-sdk
• Jito Restaking docs: https://docs.restaking.jito.network/
• Marginfi TS SDK: https://docs.marginfi.com/ts-sdk
• Meteora Alpha Vault SDK: https://github.com/MeteoraAg/alpha-vault-sdk
• Gauntlet VaultBook (curator analytics): https://vaultbook.gauntlet.xyz/
• DeFiLlama Solana TVL: https://defillama.com/chain/Solana