n8n Security Implementation

Harden n8n v1.x deployments: credential encryption, sandboxed execution, reverse proxy, SSL/TLS, Docker Secrets, audit, and data pruning.

Quick Reference

Critical Security Variables

Security Audit

# CLI audit
n8n audit

# API audit (returns JSON report)
curl -X POST '<N8N_HOST>:<N8N_PORT>/api/v1/audit' \
  -H 'X-N8N-API-KEY: <key>' \
  -H 'Content-Type: application/json'

The audit checks for: abandoned workflows (default 90 days), insecure credential usage, risky node configurations, and workflow vulnerabilities.

Decision Trees

"How do I secure credentials?"

Set N8N_ENCRYPTION_KEY explicitly?
├─ NO → n8n generates random key stored in .n8n/config
│        ├─ DANGER: Lose this file = lose ALL credentials
│        └─ ALWAYS set explicitly in production
└─ YES → Key encrypts all credentials in database
         ├─ Multi-instance? → ALL instances MUST share the SAME key
         ├─ Back up the key? → YES, ALWAYS, separately from database
         └─ Using Docker? → Pass via _FILE suffix for Docker Secrets

"How do I handle sensitive environment variables?"

Running in Docker?
├─ YES → Use Docker Secrets with _FILE suffix
│        Example: DB_POSTGRESDB_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db_password
│        ├─ NEVER put secrets in docker-compose.yml directly
│        └─ NEVER put secrets in Dockerfiles
└─ NO → Use OS-level secret management
         ├─ NEVER commit .env files to version control
         └─ NEVER log environment variables

"How do I set up SSL/TLS?"

Direct SSL on n8n?
├─ YES → Set N8N_SSL_KEY and N8N_SSL_CERT paths
│        └─ Only for simple setups without reverse proxy
└─ NO (recommended) → Use reverse proxy for TLS termination
                       ├─ Traefik → automatic Let's Encrypt
                       ├─ Nginx → manual cert or certbot
                       └─ Caddy → automatic HTTPS
                       Set: N8N_PROTOCOL=https
                       Set: N8N_PROXY_HOPS=1 (or more)
                       Set: WEBHOOK_URL=https://your-domain/

"How do I restrict Code node execution?"

Task runners enabled?
├─ NO → Code node runs in main n8n process (UNSAFE)
│       └─ ALWAYS enable: N8N_RUNNERS_ENABLED=true
└─ YES → Code executes in sandboxed runner
         ├─ N8N_RUNNERS_MODE=internal (default, same machine)
         ├─ N8N_RUNNERS_MODE=external (separate process/container)
         ├─ N8N_RUNNERS_TASK_TIMEOUT=300 (5 min default)
         └─ N8N_RUNNERS_MAX_CONCURRENCY=5

Patterns

Pattern 1: Credential Encryption Key Management

ALWAYS set N8N_ENCRYPTION_KEY explicitly in production.

# Generate a secure encryption key
openssl rand -hex 32

Rules:

• ALWAYS back up the encryption key separately from the database
• ALWAYS use the same key across ALL n8n instances (main + workers)
• NEVER change the key after credentials are stored (they become unreadable)
• NEVER commit the key to version control
• NEVER lose this key — there is NO recovery mechanism

Pattern 2: Docker Secrets (_FILE Suffix)

ALWAYS use the _FILE suffix pattern for sensitive values in Docker:

# docker-compose.yml
services:
  n8n:
    image: docker.n8n.io/n8nio/n8n
    secrets:
      - n8n_encryption_key
      - db_password
    environment:
      - N8N_ENCRYPTION_KEY_FILE=/run/secrets/n8n_encryption_key
      - DB_POSTGRESDB_PASSWORD_FILE=/run/secrets/db_password

secrets:
  n8n_encryption_key:
    file: ./secrets/encryption_key.txt
  db_password:
    file: ./secrets/db_password.txt

Rules:

• ALWAYS use _FILE suffix instead of inline secrets in compose files
• ALWAYS set file permissions to 0600 on secret files
• NEVER store secret files in version control
• The _FILE suffix works on most credential/connection variables

Pattern 3: Execution Data Pruning

ALWAYS configure execution data pruning to prevent unbounded database growth:

EXECUTIONS_DATA_PRUNE=true              # Enable auto-pruning (default: true)
EXECUTIONS_DATA_MAX_AGE=336             # Max age in hours (default: 14 days)
EXECUTIONS_DATA_PRUNE_MAX_COUNT=10000   # Max execution count
EXECUTIONS_DATA_HARD_DELETE_BUFFER=1    # Hours before hard deletion

Rules:

• ALWAYS enable pruning in production (EXECUTIONS_DATA_PRUNE=true)
• ALWAYS set EXECUTIONS_DATA_MAX_AGE appropriate to your retention needs
• NEVER disable pruning without monitoring database size
• Consider EXECUTIONS_DATA_SAVE_ON_SUCCESS=none if you only need error data

Pattern 4: Task Runners (Sandboxed Execution)

ALWAYS enable task runners for Code node security:

N8N_RUNNERS_ENABLED=true
N8N_RUNNERS_MODE=internal           # or 'external' for separate process
N8N_RUNNERS_TASK_TIMEOUT=300        # 5 minute timeout
N8N_RUNNERS_MAX_CONCURRENCY=5       # concurrent task limit

Rules:

• ALWAYS set N8N_RUNNERS_ENABLED=true in production
• ALWAYS set a task timeout to prevent runaway code
• NEVER run untrusted code without task runners enabled
• For external mode, ALWAYS set N8N_RUNNERS_AUTH_TOKEN

Pattern 5: Reverse Proxy with TLS

ALWAYS use a reverse proxy for TLS termination in production. See references/examples.md for full Traefik and Nginx configurations.

Required environment variables behind a reverse proxy:

N8N_PROTOCOL=https
N8N_HOST=n8n.example.com
N8N_PROXY_HOPS=1                    # Number of proxies in front of n8n
WEBHOOK_URL=https://n8n.example.com/
N8N_SECURE_COOKIE=true              # HTTPS-only cookies

Pattern 6: File System and Node Restrictions

ALWAYS restrict file and node access in production:

N8N_BLOCK_ENV_ACCESS_IN_NODE=true           # Block env access in expressions
N8N_BLOCK_FILE_ACCESS_TO_N8N_FILES=true     # Block .n8n directory access
N8N_RESTRICT_FILE_ACCESS_TO=/files          # Limit file access to specific dirs
N8N_ENFORCE_SETTINGS_FILE_PERMISSIONS=true  # 0600 on settings file

Optional node restrictions:

# Exclude dangerous nodes entirely
NODES_EXCLUDE=["n8n-nodes-base.executeCommand","n8n-nodes-base.localFileTrigger"]

# Restrict Code node module access
NODE_FUNCTION_ALLOW_BUILTIN=crypto,path     # Only allow specific builtins
NODE_FUNCTION_ALLOW_EXTERNAL=lodash         # Only allow specific externals

Security Hardening Checklist

MUST (Critical)

• [ ] N8N_ENCRYPTION_KEY set explicitly and backed up separately
• [ ] NODE_ENV=production
• [ ] N8N_RUNNERS_ENABLED=true (sandboxed Code execution)
• [ ] N8N_ENFORCE_SETTINGS_FILE_PERMISSIONS=true
• [ ] HTTPS via reverse proxy (Traefik/Nginx/Caddy)
• [ ] N8N_PROTOCOL=https and WEBHOOK_URL set to HTTPS URL
• [ ] PostgreSQL for production (NOT SQLite)
• [ ] Docker Secrets (_FILE suffix) for all sensitive values
• [ ] Execution data pruning enabled
• [ ] Regular backups: database + encryption key

SHOULD (Recommended)

• [ ] N8N_BLOCK_ENV_ACCESS_IN_NODE=true
• [ ] N8N_BLOCK_FILE_ACCESS_TO_N8N_FILES=true
• [ ] N8N_RESTRICT_FILE_ACCESS_TO set to specific directories
• [ ] N8N_SECURE_COOKIE=true
• [ ] N8N_SAMESITE_COOKIE=strict (if single-domain)
• [ ] NODES_EXCLUDE for unused dangerous nodes
• [ ] NODE_FUNCTION_ALLOW_BUILTIN restricted to needed modules
• [ ] N8N_PUBLIC_API_SWAGGERUI_DISABLED=true (disable API playground)
• [ ] N8N_COMMUNITY_PACKAGES_ENABLED=false (if not needed)
• [ ] N8N_DIAGNOSTICS_ENABLED=false (disable telemetry)

SHOULD (Monitoring)

• [ ] Run n8n audit or POST /audit regularly
• [ ] N8N_SECURITY_AUDIT_DAYS_ABANDONED_WORKFLOW=90
• [ ] Monitor execution data growth
• [ ] Review API key usage and rotate periodically
• [ ] Enable log streaming for real-time monitoring

Anti-Pattern Summary

See references/anti-patterns.md for detailed anti-patterns with examples.

Reference Links

• Security Environment Variables & Methods
• Security Configuration Examples
• Security Anti-Patterns
• n8n Security Documentation
• n8n Task Runners
• n8n Docker Deployment