<!-- mcp-name: io.github.bzsanti/oxidize-pdf-mcp -->

oxidize-pdf

Rust core pinned to 5.5.0. See compatibility and validation.

<!-- mcp-name: io.github.bzsanti/oxidize-pdf-mcp -->

Rust-powered PDF library for Python. Generate, parse, split, merge, and manipulate PDFs with native performance. Ships with a built-in MCP server so AI agents can work with PDFs out of the box.

No C dependencies. No Java. No subprocess calls.

Installation

pip install oxidize-pdf            # Core library
pip install "oxidize-pdf[mcp]"     # + MCP server for AI agents

Platforms: Linux (x86_64, aarch64) | macOS (x86_64, Apple Silicon) | Windows (x86_64) Requires: Python 3.10+

Version 0.23.0 pins Rust core 5.5.0, using the MIT-licensed oxidize-webpki RustCrypto provider for certificate verification. See the dependency policy for supported builds and limits. New APIs include explicit text recovery, non-breaking-space normalization, build identification controls and incremental signature slots. See the API guide and validation.

The current develop branch contains post-release parity work. See the current capability inventory and Python/.NET comparison for the audited subset, missing bindings and inherited core limitations. Neither the core version nor the type stubs establish full functional parity; no global coverage percentage is claimed.

Why oxidize-pdf?

MCP Server

Expose the supported PDF tools to your AI agent:

oxidize-mcp

The built-in Model Context Protocol server exposes 12 tools, 5 static resources plus a session resource template, and 5 prompts over stdio. Install oxidize-pdf[mcp] to include its dependencies; the base library keeps MCP optional.

Version 0.20 uses FastMCP 4 and MCP Python SDK 2, with support for both modern and legacy stdio clients. See the migration guide for versions and installation routes.

If tools/list returns an empty array with an older installation (issue #198), upgrade to 0.20.0 or newer. These versions fix tool registration when starting server.py directly. On Windows, use the same Python environment for installation and startup:

python -m pip install --upgrade "oxidize-pdf[mcp]"
python -m oxidize_pdf.mcp.server

For a custom JSON-RPC client, send initialize, wait for its response, then send notifications/initialized before tools/list. Read newline-delimited JSON-RPC from stdout and keep stderr separate; the startup banner is written to stderr.

Claude Desktop integration

Add to your claude_desktop_config.json:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "oxidize-pdf": {
      "command": "oxidize-mcp",
      "env": {
        "OXIDIZE_WORKSPACE": "/path/to/your/pdfs"
      }
    }
  }
}

GitHub Copilot (VS Code) integration

Copilot's agent mode speaks MCP. Add .vscode/mcp.json to your workspace:

{
  "servers": {
    "oxidize-pdf": {
      "command": "oxidize-mcp",
      "env": {
        "OXIDIZE_WORKSPACE": "/path/to/your/pdfs"
      }
    }
  }
}

Open the Chat view, switch to Agent mode, and the 12 PDF tools appear in the tool picker. (The same block also works under the mcp.servers key in your user settings.json if you prefer a global install.)

OpenAI Agents SDK integration

The OpenAI Agents SDK spawns the server over stdio and exposes its tools to an agent:

from agents import Agent, Runner
from agents.mcp import MCPServerStdio

async with MCPServerStdio(
    params={"command": "oxidize-mcp", "env": {"OXIDIZE_WORKSPACE": "/path/to/your/pdfs"}},
    cache_tools_list=True,
) as server:
    agent = Agent(
        name="PDF assistant",
        instructions="Use the oxidize-pdf tools to inspect and manipulate PDFs.",
        mcp_servers=[server],
    )
    result = await Runner.run(agent, "How many pages does report.pdf have?")
    print(result.final_output)

A runnable version is in examples/openai_agents_quickstart.py.

Both integrations run the server locally over stdio, so its tools operate on PDFs in the configured workspace directory. This package does not expose a hosted HTTP endpoint. ChatGPT web needs a remote connection; developer-mode testing can also use Secure MCP Tunnel with a local stdio server. No ChatGPT plugin is published by this migration.

Available tools

The server also exposes resources (session data, capabilities, version info) and prompts (guided workflows for summarization, data extraction, form filling, and more).

Configuration

OXIDIZE_WORKSPACE=/path/to/pdfs oxidize-mcp

The server is configured entirely through environment variables:

Resource caps (OXIDIZE_MAX_*) protect the server from a large or malicious PDF: oversized documents are rejected up front and tool responses are bounded rather than serialized unbounded. Exceeding a cap returns an error with code RESOURCE_LIMIT.

Or start programmatically:

from oxidize_pdf.mcp.server import run
run()

Python API

Create a PDF

from oxidize_pdf import Document, Page, Font, Color

doc = Document()
doc.set_title("My Document")
doc.set_author("Jane Doe")

page = Page.a4()
page.set_font(Font.HELVETICA, 24.0)
page.set_text_color(Color.black())
page.text_at(72.0, 750.0, "Hello from oxidize-pdf!")

page.set_font(Font.TIMES_ROMAN, 12.0)
page.text_at(72.0, 700.0, "Generated with Python + Rust.")

doc.add_page(page)
doc.save("output.pdf")

Parse an existing PDF

from oxidize_pdf import PdfReader

reader = PdfReader.open("document.pdf")
print(f"Pages: {reader.page_count}, Version: {reader.version}")

for i, text in enumerate(reader.extract_text()):
    print(f"--- Page {i + 1} ---")
    print(text)

Inspect tagged PDF structure

from pathlib import Path
from oxidize_pdf import TaggedPdfLimits, TaggedPdfValidationOptions, validate_tagged_pdf

report = validate_tagged_pdf(
    Path("input.pdf").read_bytes(),
    TaggedPdfValidationOptions(TaggedPdfLimits(max_depth=64)),
)
for finding in report.findings:
    print(finding.severity, finding.code, finding.path, finding.message)

The report includes structure elements, artifacts, role/class maps, the parent number tree and content MCIDs. Original dictionary values remain typed PdfValue objects, including unknown attributes and reference generations. Results are immutable snapshots; returned lists and dictionaries are owned copies.

valid means the core validator found no error-level findings. It is not a PDF/UA certificate: an untagged PDF can have tagged=False, valid=True and a MissingStructureTree warning. Malformed input raises PdfParseError, locked input raises PdfEncryptionError, and exceeded validation budgets raise PdfError.

TaggedPdfLimits bounds visited objects, traversal depth, entries and decoded content bytes (defaults: 100,000; 256; 1,000,000; 256 MiB). These are core validator budgets, not a process memory or time limit: input copying and initial PDF parsing occur before traversal. No PDF bytes are modified.

Operations

from oxidize_pdf import split_pdf, merge_pdfs, rotate_pdf, extract_pages

split_pdf("input.pdf", "output_dir/")                       # Split into individual pages
merge_pdfs(["part1.pdf", "part2.pdf"], "merged.pdf")         # Merge multiple PDFs
rotate_pdf("input.pdf", "rotated.pdf", 90)                   # Rotate all pages
extract_pages("input.pdf", "subset.pdf", [0, 2, 4])          # Extract specific pages

Graphics

from oxidize_pdf import Document, Page, Color

doc = Document()
page = Page.a4()

page.set_fill_color(Color.hex("#3498db"))
page.draw_rect(72.0, 700.0, 200.0, 100.0)
page.fill()

page.set_stroke_color(Color.red())
page.set_line_width(2.0)
page.draw_circle(300.0, 500.0, 50.0)
page.stroke()

doc.add_page(page)
doc.save("graphics.pdf")

Types

from oxidize_pdf import Color, Point, Rectangle, Margins, Font

# Colors
Color.rgb(1.0, 0.0, 0.0)          # RGB
Color.hex("#ff6600")               # Hex
Color.cmyk(0.0, 1.0, 1.0, 0.0)   # CMYK

# Geometry
Point(72.0, 720.0)
Rectangle.from_xywh(72.0, 72.0, 468.0, 648.0)
Margins.uniform(72.0)

# Fonts — all 14 standard PDF fonts
Font.HELVETICA    # Font.HELVETICA_BOLD
Font.TIMES_ROMAN  # Font.TIMES_BOLD
Font.COURIER      # Font.COURIER_BOLD

Error handling

from oxidize_pdf import PdfReader, PdfError, PdfIoError, PdfParseError

try:
    reader = PdfReader.open("missing.pdf")
except PdfIoError as e:
    print(f"I/O error: {e}")
except PdfParseError as e:
    print(f"Parse error: {e}")
except PdfError as e:
    print(f"PDF error: {e}")

Exception hierarchy: PdfError > PdfIoError, PdfParseError, PdfEncryptionError, PdfPermissionError

MCP Server

oxidize-pdf includes an MCP server that exposes PDF capabilities to AI assistants like Claude. Install with the mcp extra:

pip install oxidize-pdf[mcp]

Claude Desktop

Add this to your claude_desktop_config.json:

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "oxidize-pdf": {
      "command": "uvx",
      "args": ["--from", "oxidize-pdf[mcp]", "oxidize-mcp"]
    }
  }
}

Claude Code

claude mcp add oxidize-pdf -- uvx --from "oxidize-pdf[mcp]" oxidize-mcp

Available tools

Resources

• oxidize://fonts — Available built-in PDF fonts
• oxidize://page-sizes — Standard page sizes with dimensions
• oxidize://capabilities — Server capabilities and tool listing
• oxidize://version — Version information
• oxidize://workspace — PDF files in the workspace directory
• oxidize://session/{id} — Session data by ID

Known limitations

• Encryption write support: Document.encrypt() configures encryption parameters but the underlying Rust library does not yet serialize the encryption dictionary to the PDF output. Reading encrypted PDFs works correctly.
• Image extraction returns raw embedded streams: extract_images_from_pdf extracts each embedded image as-is (e.g. a DCTDecode JPEG is written byte-for-byte). Image preprocessing — auto rotation-correction, contrast enhancement, denoise, upscaling, force-grayscale — is not available, because the build excludes the upstream external-images feature (and its image-crate dependency). This keeps extraction faithful and lossless; it does not silently return empty or stub results.
• CPython only: PyPy and GraalPy are not supported.

License

MIT — see LICENSE for details.

Semantic comparison with revision history

from oxidize_pdf import (
    compare_pdfs_semantically, SemanticComparisonLimits, SemanticComparisonOptions,
)

options = SemanticComparisonOptions(SemanticComparisonLimits(
    max_objects=100_000, max_depth=256,
    max_decoded_stream_bytes=256 * 1024 * 1024,
    max_canonical_bytes=256 * 1024 * 1024,
    max_extracted_text_bytes=64 * 1024 * 1024,
    max_unreachable_objects=10_000, max_revisions=1024,
))
result = compare_pdfs_semantically(original_bytes, revised_bytes, options)
for difference in result.differences:
    print(difference.path, difference.class_, difference.description)
for revision in result.right_revisions:
    print(revision.index, revision.xref_offset, revision.semantic_fingerprint.hex())
    for change in revision.object_changes:
        print(change.object_number, change.generation, change.kind)

The immutable result exposes both revision histories, unreachable object identities and pairs of semantically equivalent objects. Collection properties return independent snapshots. Revision fingerprints are 32-byte hashes, and revisions are ordered oldest first. class_ is the Python spelling of Rust's class field. Difference classes are Visual, Textual, Structural, Metadata, Security and SerializationOnly. semantically_equal may be true when the only difference is SerializationOnly; it includes supported historical semantics, so restoring the latest state does not erase an intervening semantic change.

Limits apply independently to each document. Decoded/canonical budgets count work across repeated traversals, not just unique input bytes. Initial input copies, parsing and some extraction allocations precede these checks; the options are not process-wide memory/time limits. Malformed input, exceeded budgets and unsupported decoding raise PDF errors; encrypted input raises PdfPermissionError and must be decrypted before comparison.

This API compares the core's supported object/text domains, not rendered pixels, and does not certify signatures or irreversible redaction. Core 5.4.2 includes physical ObjStm/XRef containers among objects unreachable from Root/Info. A qpdf conversion to object streams can therefore report Structural differences at /UnreachableObjects and /Revisions despite equal text and page content. The binding preserves that conservative result; it does not promise equivalence across every PDF layout. The existing compare_pdfs API remains available.

Images from pixel buffers

from oxidize_pdf import Image, ImageColorSpace

rgb = Image.from_raw_data(b'\xff\x00\x00', 1, 1, ImageColorSpace.DeviceRGB)
gray = Image.from_gray_data(b'\x80', 1, 1)
rgba = Image.from_rgba_data(b'\xff\x00\x00\x80', 1, 1)
assert rgba.alpha_data == b'\x80'
assert rgba.soft_mask.data == b'\x80'

from_raw_data(data, width, height, color_space, bits_per_component=8) accepts DeviceGray, DeviceRGB and DeviceCMYK. Components are packed in pixel order, most significant bits first, with each scanline padded to a whole byte. Supported component depths are 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16; 16-bit components use big-endian byte order. RGBA and grayscale convenience constructors use 8-bit components.

All three constructors require positive dimensions and an exact buffer length. Invalid sizes/depths raise ValueError; values outside unsigned argument ranges raise OverflowError. The RGBA/gray constructors reject products exceeding u32::MAX before calling the published core's dimension arithmetic. Validation happens before copying the pixel buffer.

data, format, bits_per_component, alpha_data and soft_mask expose owned snapshots. ImageFormat distinguishes Jpeg, Png, Tiff and Raw. Data is the core's image payload: JPEG remains encoded, while PNG/TIFF constructors expose decoded pixel data. RGBA separates RGB data from alpha; its soft mask can be inspected independently. These APIs use the existing core without external-images or new dependencies. Explicit mask creation/application and writer-object export remain outside this increment.

Marked content on new pages

Page.begin_marked_content(tag) and Page.begin_marked_content_with_actual_text(tag, actual_text) return a page-local MCID. Pair every begin with Page.end_marked_content(); next_mcid() and marked_content_depth() inspect the state. Tags are nonempty literal names (UTF-8 bytes are PDF-name escaped, so pass "Span", not "/Span"). Empty tags raise ValueError without changing state; ending an empty stack raises PdfError.

page = Page.a4()
page.set_font(Font.HELVETICA, 12)
mcid = page.begin_marked_content_with_actual_text("Span", "café 😀")
page.text_at(40, 700, "visible glyphs")
page.end_marked_content()

ActualText is a Unicode logical replacement; copying/extraction depends on the viewer honoring it. For tagged structure, attach the returned ID using StructureElement.add_mcid(page_index, mcid) and install the tree with Document.set_struct_tree(tree). These operations alone do not certify PDF/UA. The core writes these markers in the text context; they are intended for text operations, not as a general scope around separately buffered graphics.

Coordinate transformations

TransformMatrix(a, b, c, d, e, f) exposes immutable affine components, IDENTITY, translate, scale, rotate (radians), flip_y, multiply, transform_point(Point) and to_pdf_ctm(). Composition a.multiply(b) applies b first, then a. Values retain the core's floating-point semantics, including singular and nonfinite matrices; validate them before using the CTM in a PDF.

from oxidize_pdf import CoordinateSystem, Point, TransformMatrix

matrix = TransformMatrix.translate(10, 20).multiply(TransformMatrix.scale(2, 3))
point = matrix.transform_point(Point(4, 5))  # Point(18, 35)
custom = CoordinateSystem.custom(matrix)
pdf_point = custom.to_pdf_standard(Point(4, 5), 800)  # Point(18, 35)

CoordinateSystem supports point, Y-only and matrix conversions to PDF coordinates, plus grows_upward(). For custom systems, Y-only conversion uses x=0, orientation tests d > 0, and page height is ignored. Page.coordinate_system returns a snapshot of the stored system. In core 5.4.2, setting this property through set_coordinate_system does not automatically transform page content; convert positions explicitly. LayoutManager remains outside this binding increment.

RenderContext(coordinate_system, page_width, page_height) stores mutable coordinate_system, page_width, page_height and current_transform fields. Its to_pdf_standard(Point) and y_to_pdf(y) methods use the current system and height. The matrix is initialized from the constructor's system and height; later field assignments do not recalculate it, and conversions do not read it. This preserves core 5.4.2 behavior. Getters return independent value snapshots. Use context.current_transform.transform_point(point) when you explicitly want to apply the stored matrix. Numeric fields retain the core's f64 semantics.

Page.content_width and Page.content_height subtract the page margins. Page.content_area returns (left, bottom, right, top) bounds in unrotated PDF coordinates, rather than a position and size. These read-only properties reflect current margins and can be negative or inverted when margins exceed page size. Page.effective_width and Page.effective_height reflect rotation: 90°/270° swap width and height. They use the full page dimensions, without subtracting margins. Setting a coordinate system does not change these geometry properties.

Custom clipping paths

from oxidize_pdf import ClippingPath, WindingRule

clip = (ClippingPath().add_rect(10, 10, 80, 80)
        .add_polygon([(30, 30), (70, 30), (50, 70)])
        .with_winding_rule(WindingRule.EvenOdd))
page.set_clipping_path(clip)

move_to, line_to, curve_to, close_path and add_rect, add_circle, add_ellipse, add_rounded_rect, add_polygon mutate and return the same path. with_winding_rule returns an independent copy; the default is NonZero. clear() removes commands while preserving the rule. is_empty reports whether commands exist. Page.set_clipping_path retains a copy.

commands returns owned ClippingPathCommand snapshots with read-only kind and copied coordinates: move/line use [x, y], cubic curves use two control points and an endpoint [x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3], rectangles use [x, y, width, height], and close has no coordinates. Coordinates are PDF user space values; callers supply valid finite geometry. to_pdf_operations() emits the core's clipping operators, including W/W* and n. The existing rect, circle, and ellipse factories remain available. This API does not expose path intersection, text clipping, or a clipping stack.

Line dash patterns

LineDashPattern.dashed(dash_length, gap_length) and LineDashPattern.dotted(dot_size, gap_size) create two-length patterns with zero phase. Both use the same PDF dash representation; dots depend on length and line cap, and the factory does not select a round cap. Pass a pattern to page.set_dash_pattern(pattern); use solid() to reset to a continuous line.

array returns a copied list and phase is read-only. to_pdf_string() returns the core representation (without the d operator), rounded to two decimals. The core serializes non-finite components as zero and an empty array as [] 0, regardless of stored phase. Negative values remain unchanged; this API does not validate whether an arbitrary pattern is legal PDF. Use nonnegative lengths, with at least one positive length for a nonempty pattern, and a nonnegative phase.

Blend modes

All 16 modes from the published core 5.4.2 are available through BlendMode. Alongside the existing modes, use DIFFERENCE, EXCLUSION, HUE, SATURATION, COLOR, or LUMINOSITY with page.set_blend_mode(mode) before drawing. mode.pdf_name() returns the PDF name (for example, "Color"), and repr(mode) uses the Python constant name. These immutable values configure the page's extended graphics state; use BlendMode.NORMAL to reset blending.

Color conversion and inspection

color.to_rgb() and color.to_cmyk() return independent Color values. cmyk_components() returns four converted components, including for RGB/Gray inputs. Existing c, m, y, k properties still return zero for non-CMYK colors. is_rgb(), is_cmyk(), is_gray() inspect the stored variant, and color_space_name() returns DeviceRGB, DeviceCMYK, or DeviceGray. The existing color_space property keeps its shorter names.

Conversions use the published core 5.5.0's approximate formulas, without ICC profiles or calibrated color management. Gray becomes equal RGB components or CMYK with only black ink. RGB black converts to (0, 0, 0, 1). Constructors clamp finite out-of-range values and infinities; NaN may propagate through conversion. Callers should supply finite components for predictable colors.

Streaming and lazy document options

Core 5.5.0 exposes two separate consumers with immutable options and configuration snapshots. Existing calls such as LazyDocument.open(path) remain valid.

from oxidize_pdf import LazyDocument, MemoryOptions, StreamingDocument, StreamingOptions

options = StreamingOptions(page_cache_size=2, memory_limit=2 * 1024 * 1024,
                           max_content_stream_size=1024 * 1024)
with StreamingDocument.open("input.pdf", options) as document:
    configuration = document.configuration()
    while (page := document.next_page()) is not None:
        print(page.number, page.extract_text_streaming())
    print(document.cached_pages(), document.memory_usage())
    document.clear_cache()

with LazyDocument.open("input.pdf", MemoryOptions(cache_size=20)) as document:
    page = document.get_page(0)
    print(page.width, document.memory_stats().cached_objects)
    print(document.configuration().unsupported)

StreamingOptions accepts buffer_size, page_cache_size, max_content_stream_size, progressive_hints, and memory_limit as keyword arguments. Its minimal_memory() and fast_processing() presets and with_buffer_size(), with_page_cache_size(), and with_memory_limit() builders return independent values. MemoryOptions accepts lazy_loading, memory_mapping, cache_size, streaming, buffer_size, and mmap_threshold; use small_file()/large_file() or its with_lazy_loading(), with_memory_mapping(), with_cache_size(), and with_streaming() builders. All fields are readable properties.

configuration() returns owned requested and effective snapshots. A zero buffer is normalized to one byte. Streaming progressive hints are reserved: effective.progressive_hints is false and progressive_hints_unsupported reports a requested hint. Lazy memory mapping and streaming are unsupported in this adapter: unsupported lists UnsupportedMemoryOption.MemoryMapping and/or .Streaming, effective flags are false, and the effective mapping threshold is the platform's maximum usize. These flags do not enable those modes.

These limits do not cap total RAM, parser caches, extraction working memory, caller-retained values, or peak allocations. Lazy memory_stats() reports adapter cache hits, misses, and retained object count; allocated_bytes, lazy_loads, and mapped_regions are uninstrumented counters, not measurements of process memory. clear_cache() clears adapter retention, not caller values.

Native StreamingDocument pages use unrotated MediaBox geometry. The existing PageStreamer retains its rotated geometry and seek behavior; its options belong to a different API. LazyDocument.get_page() returns ParsedPage with effective rotation. Pages and snapshots remain usable after closing either document; operations requiring the closed document raise ValueError. Both consumers reject encrypted documents; unlock through the reader API where needed.

Incremental tagged structure editing

IncrementalTaggedPdfEditor(pdf) owns an immutable byte snapshot. TaggedPdfMutation supports create_element, set_element_attribute (omit the value to remove it), reparent_element, associate_mcid, and set_parent_tree_entry. Inputs use TaggedPdfObjectRef (number and generation) and lossless PdfValue objects. plan(mutations) returns effective mutations and changed object identities; apply(mutations) returns pdf_bytes, the plan, and validation reports before and after the revision. Both evaluate mutations in order. A change followed by a restoration retains both effective operations.

from oxidize_pdf import IncrementalTaggedPdfEditor, TaggedPdfMutation, TaggedPdfObjectRef, PdfValue

editor = IncrementalTaggedPdfEditor(source_bytes)
mutation = TaggedPdfMutation.set_element_attribute(
    TaggedPdfObjectRef(6, 7), "T", PdfValue.string(b"New title"))
result = editor.apply([mutation])
assert result.pdf_bytes.startswith(source_bytes)

Object references must identify structure elements in the actual source PDF. Editors and returned snapshots are independent; a failed batch leaves the editor unchanged. Empty/no-op ordinary edits preserve source bytes exactly. Applied revisions preserve the exact source prefix, including for xref-stream sources.

with_validation_options() accepts TaggedPdfValidationOptions and its limits. preflight() performs unambiguous derived-index recovery for inspection; it does not prepare or mutate the editor. with_recovered_indexes() prepares an independent editor with recovered indexes/page keys. with_document_language() supplies a missing language; it rejects blank values and existing nonempty languages. Recovery does not invent accessibility descriptions or language.

Preparation builders are replayed in order for each operation. preparation_objects() inventories their changes, including xref-stream objects, separately from plan().changed_objects. Prepared editors return bytes only when the full result validates, including empty mutation batches. Missing descriptions must be supplied explicitly; preparation refuses to overwrite existing ones. Ordinary editors return diagnostic reports and may return structurally invalid results. Reports do not certify PDF/UA conformance.

Encrypted inputs and DocMDP P1/P2/P3 restrictions are enforced by the core in planning, application and preparation. Validation limits bound the validation work they describe, not all parsing, copying or preparation work. No signature verification, OCR recognition, or global memory cap is implied by this editor.

Incremental text notes and highlights

IncrementalTextNoteEditor(pdf) reads notes() and applies batches of TextNoteMutation.add(page_index, position, contents), .update(id, position, contents), and .remove(id). position is an (x, y) pair in PDF coordinates. New notes have a 20 × 20 point rectangle; updates preserve the existing rectangle's width, height and other dictionary keys. Contents must contain non-whitespace text and support Unicode. TextNoteUpdate.added_notes contains only newly added notes, in request order; reread the result to obtain the complete note set.

IncrementalHighlightEditor(pdf) reads highlights() and accepts HighlightMutation.add(page_index, quadrilaterals, color, opacity=None, contents=None) and .remove(id). HighlightUpdate.highlights contains the complete current set, ordered by page and identity. The native API has no highlight update operation.

from oxidize_pdf import (
    IncrementalTextNoteEditor, TextNoteMutation,
    IncrementalHighlightEditor, HighlightMutation,
    HighlightQuad, HighlightColor, HighlightOpacity,
)

notes = IncrementalTextNoteEditor(source_bytes).apply([
    TextNoteMutation.add(0, (40., 50.), "Revisar: café 世界"),
])
quad = HighlightQuad([(40., 90.), (100., 90.), (40., 70.), (100., 70.)])
result = IncrementalHighlightEditor(notes.pdf_bytes).apply([
    HighlightMutation.add(0, [quad], HighlightColor([1., 1., 0.]),
                          HighlightOpacity(.5), "Revisar"),
])
output_bytes = result.pdf_bytes

HighlightQuad takes exactly four (x, y) pairs in PDF QuadPoints order: start and end of one edge, followed by start and end of the opposite edge. The core rejects non-finite, repeated, crossed, concave and degenerate geometry. HighlightColor accepts exactly three finite DeviceRGB components in [0, 1]; HighlightOpacity accepts a finite value in [0, 1]. Their properties return owned values. A highlight requires at least one quad. Optional contents preserve None versus an empty string; opacity omission differs from explicit zero.

Page indices are zero-based. Coordinates must fit the page's effective CropBox (or MediaBox if absent) in unrotated PDF space; inherited bounds are respected. Identities are TextNoteId/HighlightId with object and generation numbers. Targeting another subtype, a nonexistent identity or one target twice in a batch raises a PDF error. Direct target annotation dictionaries and annotations shared across pages are unsupported because they lack an unambiguous stable identity.

Editors own immutable source snapshots. Results preserve the source as an exact byte prefix, with one appended revision for a successful nonempty batch; failed batches leave the source/editor unchanged. Empty batches preserve bytes exactly. Notes, highlights, mutations and result snapshots expose read-only properties. These APIs append revisions in memory; removal detaches references, so historical annotation bytes remain in the file. They do not provide irreversible redaction.

Core 5.5.0 enforces DocMDP for nonempty batches: P1/P2 reject edits and P3 permits these annotation operations. Reads and empty batches remain available on those certified inputs; encrypted inputs are rejected. This permission check does not verify signature authenticity. These editors preserve or emit native annotation dictionaries; they do not promise a generated appearance stream or identical annotation rendering in every viewer, nor impose a global memory limit.