Sources & Archives (ahr-sources-and-archives)

History at the AHR stands or falls on its primary sources and on how critically you read them. This skill is about marshaling evidence, source criticism, citing archival material correctly, and the author's responsibilities for images and permissions. It does not, ever, license inventing or embellishing a source.

When to trigger

• Assembling and citing the primary-source base for the argument
• Deciding whether a source is primary or secondary for your question
• A reader doubted your reading of a document or asked about provenance
• Preparing images/figures and clearing reproduction rights

Primary vs. secondary (it depends on your question)

• Primary: evidence produced within the period/context you study — manuscripts, correspondence,

records, newspapers, objects, images, oral testimony, material culture.

• Secondary: later scholarly interpretation. A historian's monograph is secondary for events but

can be a primary source for the historiography you analyze.

Source criticism (the historian's core discipline)

1. Provenance & genre. Who made this, when, why, for whom? What kind of document is it, and what

conventions govern it?

1. Reliability & bias. What interests shape it? What does it have reason to distort or omit?
2. Silences. Whose voices are absent from the archive, and how does that shape what you can claim?

Read along and against the grain.

1. Representativeness. Is this typical or exceptional? Do not generalize from one striking document.
2. Language & translation. Quote load-bearing wording in the original; supply your translation and

note it.

Citing sources (Chicago notes — see ahr-citation-and-style)

• Cite unpublished material by archive, collection, series, box/folder, and document/date.
• For digitized sources, cite the original plus the database/stable URL and date consulted.
• All citation lives in the notes — no bibliography or in-text parenthetical citation.

Images, figures & permissions (author's responsibility)

• Obtain reproduction permissions and rights clearance yourself; budget time and any fees.
• Supply alt-text for every image (the AHR requires it directly under the figure legend).
• Provide full credit lines and source citations for each figure.

Anti-patterns

• Treating a document as a transparent window onto "what happened"
• Generalizing from one vivid source without weighing representativeness
• Ignoring the archive's silences and the perspectives it excludes
• Vague citations ("National Archives") with no collection/box/folder
• Assuming images are free to reproduce; leaving permissions to the last minute

"The archival base is too thin": diagnosing the charge

The single most damaging report at the AHR is that the evidence cannot bear the claim. Because the AHA flagship judges history on the quality and criticism of its sources, this charge takes several distinct forms, each with a different remedy.

Worked vignette: reading against the grain

A manuscript reconstructs a peasant revolt from the trial records that condemned its leaders. Read as a window, the records "show" the revolt as the prosecution described it — and a reviewer will say the archival base is too thin because it is one-sided. Read critically, the same records become richer: their genre (judicial interrogation under coercion) and provenance (produced by the victorious authorities) are analyzed, the rebels' aims are reconstructed by reading against the grain of the charges, and the silence of the unprosecuted is named as a limit on the claim. The article now cites each document by collection, box, and folder so another historian can return to it, weighs whether these defendants were typical, and states plainly what the sources can and cannot establish.

Calibration anchors

• A genuine primary-source basis the author can marshal and criticize is non-negotiable at the AHR; the

premium is on original archival research, not on synthesis of secondary literature alone.

• Image and figure obligations fall on the author: clear reproduction rights, supply credit lines, and

provide alt-text under each legend (confirm exact image requirements against the journal's current submission guidelines).

• "Primary" is relative to your question — a historian's monograph is secondary for events but primary for

the historiography you analyze; resolve borderline cases explicitly.

Output format

【Core sources】the key primary materials and where they live
【Source criticism】provenance / bias / silences / representativeness per key source
【Primary vs secondary】any borderline cases resolved for this question
【Citation form】archive + collection + box/folder noted? [Y/N]
【Images】permissions plan + alt-text drafted? [Y/N]
【Next】ahr-interpretation-and-method

Supplementary resources

• ../../resources/external_tools.md — archives, finding aids, databases, transcription/OCR tools
• ../../resources/official-source-map.md — AHR image alt-text and permissions expectations