TLA+ Guided Code Repair

Automatically repair C/C++ code based on TLA+ model checking violations. This skill analyzes TLC counterexamples, identifies root causes in the implementation, and generates semantically justified repairs.

Repair Workflow

Follow this sequential process when given a TLA+ violation:

1. Parse the Counterexample

Use scripts/parse_tlc_trace.py to extract structured information from TLC output:

python scripts/parse_tlc_trace.py trace.txt
# Or for JSON output:
python scripts/parse_tlc_trace.py --json trace.txt

This extracts:

• Violation type (invariant, deadlock, temporal)
• Violated property name
• State trace with variable values at each step

2. Analyze the Violation

Read the reference guides to understand the violation:

• references/repair_patterns.md - Common violations and repair strategies
• references/tlaplus_to_cpp_mapping.md - How to map TLA+ to C/C++ code

Key analysis steps:

1. Identify which invariant/property was violated
2. Examine the state trace to find where the violation occurred
3. Determine which TLA+ action led to the violation
4. Map the TLA+ action to the corresponding C/C++ function

Example analysis:

Violation: Invariant BalanceNonNegative violated
Final state: balance = -50
Action: Withdraw (line 45 in spec)
Cause: withdraw() function allows amount > balance

3. Identify the Root Cause

Trace backwards from the violation to find the program-level bug:

Common root causes:

• Missing precondition checks (guards)
• Race conditions (missing synchronization)
• Incorrect lock ordering (deadlocks)
• Uninitialized variables
• Missing notifications (liveness violations)

Mapping strategy:

• TLA+ guards → C++ precondition checks
• TLA+ atomic actions → C++ critical sections
• TLA+ state variables → C++ member variables/globals
• TLA+ action sequences → C++ function call chains

4. Generate the Repair

Create a minimal, semantically justified code modification:

Repair principles:

• Minimal: Change only what's necessary to fix the violation
• Justified: Every change should enforce a specific TLA+ property
• Preserving: Don't break existing functionality

Common repair patterns:

Pattern A: Add precondition check

// Before
void withdraw(int amount) {
    balance -= amount;  // Can violate balance >= 0
}

// After - enforces invariant: balance >= 0
bool withdraw(int amount) {
    if (amount > balance) return false;  // Guard from TLA+ spec
    balance -= amount;
    return true;
}

Pattern B: Add synchronization

// Before - race condition
void increment() {
    counter++;
}

// After - enforces atomic action from TLA+ spec
void increment() {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mtx);
    counter++;
}

Pattern C: Fix lock ordering

// Before - potential deadlock
void transfer(Account& from, Account& to, int amount) {
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock1(from.mtx);
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock2(to.mtx);
    // ...
}

// After - consistent ordering prevents deadlock
void transfer(Account& from, Account& to, int amount) {
    Account* first = &from < &to ? &from : &to;
    Account* second = &from < &to ? &to : &from;
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock1(first->mtx);
    std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock2(second->mtx);
    // ...
}

5. Validate the Repair

Re-run TLC model checker to verify the violation is fixed:

python scripts/run_tlc.py spec.tla --config spec.cfg

Run existing tests to ensure no regressions:

# Run your test suite
make test
# or
./run_tests.sh

Validation checklist:

• [ ] TLC passes without violations
• [ ] All existing tests still pass
• [ ] The repair addresses the root cause (not just symptoms)
• [ ] No new violations introduced

6. Explain the Repair

Provide a clear explanation of:

1. What was violated: Which TLA+ property failed
2. Why it failed: The root cause in the C++ code
3. How the repair fixes it: What the code change enforces
4. Validation results: TLC output and test results

Example explanation:

Violation: Invariant BalanceNonNegative (balance >= 0) was violated.

Root Cause: The withdraw() function at line 45 in account.cpp did not check
if the withdrawal amount exceeds the current balance, allowing negative balances.

Repair: Added precondition check `if (amount > balance) return false;` before
the balance update. This enforces the TLA+ guard condition from the Withdraw
action in the specification.

Validation: TLC model checking now passes with no violations. All 15 existing
unit tests pass. The repair is minimal and preserves existing functionality.

Quick Reference

When you receive:

• TLC trace output → Use parse_tlc_trace.py to extract violation info
• Invariant violation → Check repair_patterns.md section 1
• Deadlock → Check repair_patterns.md section 2
• Temporal property violation → Check repair_patterns.md section 3
• Need to map TLA+ to C++ → Read tlaplus_to_cpp_mapping.md

Output format:

1. Repaired C++ code (with comments explaining changes)
2. Validation results (TLC output, test results)
3. Explanation (violation → cause → repair → justification)