DNS Management

Configure and automate DNS records with proper TTL strategies, DNS-as-code patterns, and troubleshooting techniques.

Purpose

Guide DNS configuration for applications, infrastructure, and services with focus on:

• Record type selection (A, AAAA, CNAME, MX, TXT, SRV, CAA)
• TTL strategies for propagation and caching
• DNS-as-code automation (external-dns, OctoDNS, DNSControl)
• Cloud DNS services comparison and selection
• DNS-based load balancing patterns
• Troubleshooting tools and techniques

When to Use This Skill

Apply DNS management patterns when:

• Setting up DNS for new applications or services
• Automating DNS updates from Kubernetes workloads
• Configuring DNS-based failover or load balancing
• Troubleshooting DNS propagation or resolution issues
• Migrating DNS between providers
• Planning DNS changes with minimal downtime
• Implementing GeoDNS for global users

Record Type Selection

Quick Reference

Address Resolution:

• A Record: Map hostname to IPv4 address (example.com → 192.0.2.1)
• AAAA Record: Map hostname to IPv6 address (example.com → 2001:db8::1)
• CNAME Record: Alias to another domain (www.example.com → example.com)
• Cannot use at zone apex (@)
• Cannot coexist with other records at same name

Email Configuration:

• MX Record: Direct email to mail servers with priority
• TXT Record: Email authentication (SPF, DKIM, DMARC) and verification

Service Discovery:

• SRV Record: Specify service location (protocol, priority, weight, port, target)

Delegation and Security:

• NS Record: Delegate subdomain to different nameservers
• CAA Record: Restrict which Certificate Authorities can issue certificates

Cloud-Specific:

• ALIAS Record: Like CNAME but works at zone apex (Route53, Cloudflare)

Decision Tree

Need to point domain to:
├─ IPv4 Address? → A record
├─ IPv6 Address? → AAAA record
├─ Another Domain?
│  ├─ Zone apex (@) → ALIAS/ANAME or A record
│  └─ Subdomain → CNAME
├─ Mail Server? → MX record (with priority)
├─ Email Authentication? → TXT record (SPF/DKIM/DMARC)
├─ Service Discovery? → SRV record
├─ Domain Verification? → TXT record
├─ Certificate Control? → CAA record
└─ Subdomain Delegation? → NS record

For detailed record type examples and patterns, see references/record-types.md.

TTL Strategy

Standard TTL Values

By Change Frequency:

• Stable records: 3600-86400s (1-24 hours) - NS, stable A/AAAA
• Normal operation: 3600s (1 hour) - Standard websites, MX
• Moderate changes: 300-1800s (5-30 min) - Development, A/B testing
• Failover scenarios: 60-300s (1-5 min) - Critical records needing fast updates

Key Principle: Lower TTL = faster propagation but higher DNS query load

Pre-Change Process

When planning DNS changes:

T-48h: Lower TTL to 300s
T-24h: Verify TTL propagated globally
T-0h:  Make DNS change
T+1h:  Verify new records propagating
T+6h:  Confirm global propagation
T+24h: Raise TTL back to normal (3600s)

Propagation Formula: Max Time = Old TTL + New TTL + Query Time

Example: Changing a record with 3600s TTL takes up to 2 hours to fully propagate.

TTL by Use Case

For detailed TTL scenarios and calculations, see references/ttl-strategies.md.

DNS-as-Code Tools

Tool Selection by Use Case

Kubernetes DNS Automation → external-dns

• Annotation-based configuration on Services/Ingresses
• Automatic sync to DNS providers (20+ supported)
• No manual DNS updates required
• See examples/external-dns/

Multi-Provider DNS Management → OctoDNS or DNSControl

• Version control for DNS records
• Sync configuration across multiple providers
• Preview changes before applying
• OctoDNS (Python/YAML) - See examples/octodns/
• DNSControl (JavaScript) - See examples/dnscontrol/

Infrastructure-as-Code → Terraform

• Manage DNS alongside cloud resources
• Provider-specific resources (aws_route53_record, etc.)
• See examples/terraform/

Tool Comparison

Quick Start: external-dns

# Kubernetes Service with DNS annotation
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: app
  annotations:
    external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: app.example.com
    external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: "300"
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer
  ports:
    - port: 80

Deploy external-dns controller once, then all annotated Services/Ingresses automatically create DNS records.

For complete examples, see examples/external-dns/ and references/dns-as-code-comparison.md.

Cloud DNS Provider Selection

Provider Characteristics

AWS Route53

• Best for AWS-heavy infrastructure
• Advanced routing policies (weighted, latency, geolocation, failover)
• Health checks with automatic failover
• ALIAS records for AWS resources (ELB, CloudFront, S3)
• Pricing: $0.50/month per zone + $0.40 per million queries

Google Cloud DNS

• Best for GCP-native applications
• Strong DNSSEC support with automatic key rotation
• Private zones for VPC internal DNS
• Split-horizon DNS (different internal/external records)
• Pricing: $0.20/month per zone + $0.40 per million queries

Azure DNS

• Best for Azure-native applications
• Integration with Azure Traffic Manager
• Azure Private DNS zones
• Azure RBAC for access control
• Pricing: $0.50/month per zone + $0.40 per million queries

Cloudflare

• Best for multi-cloud or cloud-agnostic
• Fastest DNS query times globally
• Built-in DDoS protection
• Free tier with unlimited queries
• CDN integration
• Pricing: Free tier, $20/month Pro, $200/month Business

Selection Decision Tree

Choose based on:
├─ AWS-heavy? → Route53
├─ GCP-native? → Cloud DNS
├─ Azure-native? → Azure DNS
├─ Multi-cloud? → Cloudflare or OctoDNS/DNSControl
├─ Need fastest global DNS? → Cloudflare
├─ Need DDoS protection? → Cloudflare
└─ Budget-conscious? → Cloudflare (free tier) or Cloud DNS (lowest zone cost)

For detailed provider comparisons and examples, see references/cloud-providers.md.

DNS-Based Load Balancing

GeoDNS (Geographic Routing)

Return different IP addresses based on client location to:

• Reduce latency (route to nearest data center)
• Comply with data residency requirements
• Distribute load across regions

Example Pattern:

Client Location → DNS Response
├─ North America → 192.0.2.1 (US data center)
├─ Europe → 192.0.2.10 (EU data center)
└─ Default → CloudFront edge (global CDN)

Weighted Routing

Distribute traffic by percentage for:

• Blue-green deployments
• Canary releases (10% to new version)
• A/B testing

Example Pattern:

DNS Responses:
├─ 90% → 192.0.2.1 (stable version)
└─ 10% → 192.0.2.2 (canary version)

Health Check-Based Failover

Automatically route traffic away from unhealthy endpoints.

Pattern:

Primary: 192.0.2.1 (health checked every 30s)
├─ Healthy → Return primary IP
└─ Unhealthy → Return secondary IP (192.0.2.2)

Failover time: ~2-3 minutes
= Health check failures (90s) + TTL expiration (60s)

For complete load balancing examples, see examples/load-balancing/.

Troubleshooting

Essential Commands

Check DNS Resolution:

# Basic query
dig example.com

# Clean output (just IP)
dig example.com +short

# Query specific DNS server
dig @8.8.8.8 example.com
dig @1.1.1.1 example.com

# Trace resolution path
dig +trace example.com

Check TTL:

dig example.com | grep -A1 "ANSWER SECTION"
# Look for TTL value (number before IN A)

Check Propagation:

# Multiple resolvers
dig @8.8.8.8 example.com +short       # Google
dig @1.1.1.1 example.com +short       # Cloudflare
dig @208.67.222.222 example.com +short # OpenDNS

Flush Local DNS Cache:

# macOS
sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder

# Windows
ipconfig /flushdns

# Linux
sudo systemd-resolve --flush-caches

Common Problems

Slow Propagation:

• Check current TTL (old TTL must expire first)
• Lower TTL 24-48 hours before changes
• Use propagation checkers: whatsmydns.net, dnschecker.org

CNAME at Zone Apex:

• Error: Cannot use CNAME at @ (zone apex)
• Solution: Use ALIAS record (Route53, Cloudflare) or A record

external-dns Not Creating Records:

• Verify annotation spelling: external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname
• Check domain filter matches: --domain-filter=example.com
• Review external-dns logs for errors
• Confirm provider credentials configured

For detailed troubleshooting, see references/troubleshooting.md.

Common Patterns

Pattern 1: Kubernetes DNS Automation

# Deploy external-dns (once per cluster)
helm install external-dns external-dns/external-dns \
  --set provider=aws \
  --set domainFilters[0]=example.com \
  --set policy=sync

# Then annotate Services
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/hostname: api.example.com
    external-dns.alpha.kubernetes.io/ttl: "300"
spec:
  type: LoadBalancer

Pattern 2: Multi-Provider Sync with OctoDNS

# octodns-config.yaml
providers:
  config:
    class: octodns.provider.yaml.YamlProvider
    directory: ./config
  route53:
    class: octodns_route53.Route53Provider
  cloudflare:
    class: octodns_cloudflare.CloudflareProvider

zones:
  example.com.:
    sources: [config]
    targets: [route53, cloudflare]

Pattern 3: DNS-Based Failover

# Route53 with health checks
resource "aws_route53_health_check" "primary" {
  fqdn              = "primary.example.com"
  port              = 443
  type              = "HTTPS"
  resource_path     = "/health"
  failure_threshold = 3
  request_interval  = 30
}

resource "aws_route53_record" "primary" {
  zone_id        = aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
  name           = "api.example.com"
  type           = "A"
  ttl            = 60
  set_identifier = "primary"

  failover_routing_policy {
    type = "PRIMARY"
  }

  health_check_id = aws_route53_health_check.primary.id
  records         = ["192.0.2.1"]
}

resource "aws_route53_record" "secondary" {
  zone_id        = aws_route53_zone.main.zone_id
  name           = "api.example.com"
  type           = "A"
  ttl            = 60
  set_identifier = "secondary"

  failover_routing_policy {
    type = "SECONDARY"
  }

  records = ["192.0.2.2"]
}

Integration with Other Skills

infrastructure-as-code:

• Manage DNS via Terraform/Pulumi alongside other resources
• Zone configuration in IaC repositories

kubernetes-operations:

• external-dns automates DNS for Kubernetes workloads
• Ingress controller integration for automatic DNS

load-balancing-patterns:

• DNS-based load balancing (GeoDNS, weighted routing)
• Health checks and failover configurations

security-hardening:

• DNSSEC for DNS integrity
• CAA records for certificate authority control
• DNS-based DDoS mitigation

secret-management:

• Store DNS provider API credentials in vaults
• Secure DDNS update mechanisms

Additional Resources

Reference Documentation:

• references/record-types.md - Detailed record type guide with examples
• references/ttl-strategies.md - TTL scenarios and propagation calculations
• references/cloud-providers.md - Provider comparison and detailed features
• references/troubleshooting.md - Common problems and solutions
• references/dns-as-code-comparison.md - Tool comparison matrix

Examples:

• examples/external-dns/ - Kubernetes DNS automation
• examples/octodns/ - Multi-provider sync with YAML
• examples/dnscontrol/ - Multi-provider with JavaScript DSL
• examples/terraform/ - Cloud provider configurations
• examples/load-balancing/ - GeoDNS and failover patterns

Scripts:

• scripts/check-dns-propagation.sh - Verify propagation across resolvers
• scripts/validate-dns-config.py - Validate DNS configuration
• scripts/export-dns-records.sh - Export existing DNS records
• scripts/calculate-ttl-propagation.py - Calculate propagation time

Quick Reference

Record Types Cheat Sheet

TTL Cheat Sheet

Provider Cheat Sheet

Tool Cheat Sheet