Squidpy: Spatial Transcriptomics

Squidpy is the scverse toolkit for spatially-resolved omics, built on AnnData and SpatialData. It answers questions a non-spatial scRNA-seq pipeline cannot: which cell types sit next to which (neighborhood enrichment), how cell-type pairs co-occur across distance (co-occurrence), which genes vary across tissue space (Moran's I / spatially variable genes), and what ligand-receptor signalling is plausible (ligrec). This skill does the spatial analysis; it hands non-spatial QC/clustering to alterlab-scanpy and spot deconvolution to alterlab-scvi-tools.

When to Use This Skill

Use when the request involves:

• Spatial transcriptomics / spatially-resolved omics on **Visium, Visium HD, Xenium,

MERFISH/MERSCOPE, or CosMx** data.

• Building a spatial neighbor graph and running neighborhood enrichment,

co-occurrence, interaction matrix, Ripley's statistics, or centrality scores.

• Finding spatially variable genes via Moran's I (spatial_autocorr) or Sepal.
• Ligand-receptor analysis in a spatial context (ligrec).
• Reading platform output into AnnData/SpatialData and choosing the right

coord_type for the platform.

Does NOT Trigger

If the user wants the whole pipeline ("cluster my Xenium data, then find which cell types are neighbors"), run the scanpy clustering step under alterlab-scanpy first, then return here for the spatial graph and enrichment.

The One Decision That Matters: Platform → coord_type

Squidpy's spatial graph depends on the measurement geometry. Getting coord_type wrong silently produces a meaningless graph. (All parameter behavior below is from the squidpy 1.8 sq.gr.spatial_neighbors API.)

• coord_type=None auto-picks "grid" only when spatial is in adata.uns with

n_neighs=6 (the Visium signature); otherwise it falls back to "generic". Set `coord_type` explicitly rather than relying on auto-detection.

• delaunay=True is only used when coord_type="generic"; it builds the graph from

a Delaunay triangulation instead of k-nearest spots. n_rings is only used for coord_type="grid".

Loading Data (pick the reader for the platform)

import squidpy as sq
import scanpy as sc

# Visium (legacy spot data) — squidpy's own reader, returns AnnData
adata = sq.read.visium("path/to/visium_outs/")

# Vizgen MERSCOPE / Nanostring CosMx via squidpy readers
adata = sq.read.vizgen("path/to/merscope/", counts_file="cell_by_gene.csv",
                       meta_file="cell_metadata.csv")
adata = sq.read.nanostring("path/to/cosmx/", counts_file="exprMat_file.csv",
                           meta_file="metadata_file.csv", fov_file="fov_positions.csv")

For Xenium and Visium HD, use the `spatialdata-io` readers (squidpy has no sq.read.xenium) and operate on a SpatialData object:

from spatialdata_io import xenium, visium_hd, merscope
sdata = xenium("path/to/xenium_outs/")        # 10x Xenium
sdata = visium_hd("path/to/visium_hd_outs/")  # 10x Visium HD
sdata = merscope("path/to/merscope/")         # Vizgen MERSCOPE

spatialdata-io reader names are verified against the spatialdata-io stable API. Squidpy 1.8 accepts SpatialData objects directly; see references/spatialdata_io.md for the SpatialData ↔ AnnData (table) flow.

Standard Spatial Workflow

QC, normalization, HVGs, PCA, neighbors, Leiden, and sc.tl.umap are scanpy steps — run them via alterlab-scanpy. Once you have clusters / cell-type labels, do the spatial part here.

import squidpy as sq

# 1. Build the spatial neighbor graph (choose coord_type per the table above)
sq.gr.spatial_neighbors(adata, coord_type="generic", delaunay=True)   # Xenium/MERFISH
# sq.gr.spatial_neighbors(adata, coord_type="grid", n_neighs=6)       # Visium

# 2. Neighborhood enrichment: which cluster pairs are spatially adjacent?
sq.gr.nhood_enrichment(adata, cluster_key="leiden")
sq.pl.nhood_enrichment(adata, cluster_key="leiden")

# 3. Co-occurrence across distance
sq.gr.co_occurrence(adata, cluster_key="leiden")
sq.pl.co_occurrence(adata, cluster_key="leiden", clusters="0")

# 4. Spatially variable genes via Moran's I
sq.gr.spatial_autocorr(adata, mode="moran")
svgs = adata.uns["moranI"].head(20)   # ranked by Moran's I

# 5. Ligand-receptor interaction (Omnipath-backed)
sq.gr.ligrec(adata, cluster_key="leiden")

Other graph statistics: sq.gr.interaction_matrix, sq.gr.centrality_scores, sq.gr.ripley (clustering/dispersion vs. CSR), and sq.gr.sepal (an alternative spatially-variable-gene test). Visualize tissue with sq.pl.spatial_scatter (spot/point) or sq.pl.spatial_segment (segmented cells). For image features on H&E/IF, the sq.im module (process, segment, calculate_image_features) operates on an ImageContainer.

Helper script — build the graph and run the core statistics in one call:

uv run python skills/bioinformatics/alterlab-squidpy-spatial/scripts/spatial_neighborhood.py \
    clustered.h5ad --platform xenium --cluster-key leiden --out spatial_report.json

See scripts/spatial_neighborhood.py --help. It chooses coord_type from --platform, runs spatial_neighbors, nhood_enrichment, co_occurrence, and spatial_autocorr, and writes a JSON summary (top spatially variable genes + the enrichment z-score matrix) plus the updated .h5ad.

Deeper References

• references/platform_routing.md — full platform→coord_type decision table, the

n_neighs/n_rings/delaunay parameter semantics, and per-platform gotchas.

• references/analysis_recipes.md — copy-paste recipes for each sq.gr / sq.pl

function with the parameters that matter and how to read the outputs.

• references/spatialdata_io.md — reading Xenium / Visium HD / MERSCOPE into

SpatialData and getting the AnnData table squidpy operates on.

Self-Check Before Reporting

• Did you set coord_type to match the platform (grid for Visium, generic for

single-cell)? A wrong graph invalidates every downstream statistic.

• Did clustering/QC run under alterlab-scanpy (this skill assumes labels exist)?
• For Visium spot data, did you flag that deconvolution (alterlab-scvi-tools)

is needed before cell-type-level claims — spots are multi-cell?

• Are nhood_enrichment z-scores reported with the permutation context, not as raw

counts?

Part of the AlterLab Academic Skills suite.