scikit-survival: Survival Analysis in Python

Overview

scikit-survival is a Python library for survival analysis built on top of scikit-learn. It provides specialized tools for time-to-event analysis, handling the unique challenge of censored data where some observations are only partially known.

Survival analysis aims to establish connections between covariates and the time of an event, accounting for censored records (particularly right-censored data from studies where participants don't experience events during observation periods).

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Performing survival analysis or time-to-event modeling
• Working with right-censored data (scikit-survival's scope; left- or interval-censored data needs other tools)
• Fitting Cox proportional hazards models (standard or penalized)
• Building ensemble survival models (Random Survival Forests, Gradient Boosting)
• Training Survival Support Vector Machines
• Evaluating survival model performance (concordance index, Brier score, time-dependent AUC)
• Estimating Kaplan-Meier or Nelson-Aalen curves
• Analyzing competing risks
• Preprocessing survival data or handling missing values in survival datasets
• Conducting any analysis using the scikit-survival library

Does NOT Trigger

scikit-survival is prediction-oriented: CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis returns coefficients but no standard errors, confidence intervals, or p-values. When hazard ratios need inferential reporting, use lifelines' CoxPHFitter or statsmodels' PHReg (statsmodels.duration.hazard_regression).

Core Capabilities

1. Model Types and Selection

scikit-survival provides multiple model families, each suited for different scenarios:

#### Cox Proportional Hazards Models Use for: Standard survival analysis with interpretable coefficients

• CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis: Basic Cox model
• CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis: Penalized Cox with elastic net for high-dimensional data
• IPCRidge: Ridge regression for accelerated failure time models

See: references/cox-models.md for detailed guidance on Cox models, regularization, and interpretation

#### Ensemble Methods Use for: High predictive performance with complex non-linear relationships

• RandomSurvivalForest: Robust, non-parametric ensemble method
• GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis: Tree-based boosting for maximum performance
• ComponentwiseGradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis: Linear boosting with feature selection
• ExtraSurvivalTrees: Extremely randomized trees for additional regularization

See: references/ensemble-models.md for comprehensive guidance on ensemble methods, hyperparameter tuning, and when to use each model

#### Survival Support Vector Machines Use for: Medium-sized datasets with margin-based learning

• FastSurvivalSVM: Linear SVM optimized for speed
• FastKernelSurvivalSVM: Kernel SVM for non-linear relationships
• HingeLossSurvivalSVM: SVM with hinge loss
• ClinicalKernelTransform: Specialized kernel for clinical + molecular data

See: references/svm-models.md for detailed SVM guidance, kernel selection, and hyperparameter tuning

#### Model Selection Decision Tree

Start
├─ High-dimensional data (p > n)?
│  ├─ Yes → CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis (elastic net)
│  └─ No → Continue
│
├─ Need interpretable coefficients?
│  ├─ Yes → CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis or ComponentwiseGradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis
│  └─ No → Continue
│
├─ Complex non-linear relationships expected?
│  ├─ Yes
│  │  ├─ Large dataset (n > 1000) → GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis
│  │  ├─ Medium dataset → RandomSurvivalForest or FastKernelSurvivalSVM
│  │  └─ Small dataset → RandomSurvivalForest
│  └─ No → CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis or FastSurvivalSVM
│
└─ For maximum performance → Try multiple models and compare

2. Data Preparation and Preprocessing

Before modeling, properly prepare survival data:

#### Creating Survival Outcomes

from sksurv.util import Surv

# From separate arrays
y = Surv.from_arrays(event=event_array, time=time_array)

# From DataFrame
y = Surv.from_dataframe('event', 'time', df)

Built-in datasets use their own field names and categorical features. load_breast_cancer() returns fields ('e.tdm', 't.tdm'), load_gbsg2() ('cens', 'time'), load_whas500() ('fstat', 'lenfol'), and load_veterans_lung_cancer() ('Status', 'Survival_in_days'), and their X contains pandas categorical columns that scalers and most estimators reject. Normalize both before reusing code that indexes y['event'] / y['time']:

from sksurv.preprocessing import encode_categorical

X = encode_categorical(X)                          # one-hot encode categorical columns
event_field, time_field = y.dtype.names
y = Surv.from_arrays(event=y[event_field], time=y[time_field])   # fields 'event', 'time'

#### Essential Preprocessing Steps

1. Handle missing values: Imputation strategies for features
2. Encode categorical variables: One-hot encoding or label encoding
3. Standardize features: Critical for SVMs and regularized Cox models
4. Validate data quality: Check for negative times, sufficient events per feature
5. Train-test split: Maintain similar censoring rates across splits

See: references/data-handling.md for complete preprocessing workflows, data validation, and best practices

3. Model Evaluation

Proper evaluation is critical for survival models. Use appropriate metrics that account for censoring:

#### Concordance Index (C-index) Primary metric for ranking/discrimination:

• Harrell's C-index: Use for low censoring (<40%)
• Uno's C-index: Use for moderate to high censoring (>40%) - more robust

from sksurv.metrics import concordance_index_censored, concordance_index_ipcw

# Harrell's C-index
c_harrell = concordance_index_censored(y_test['event'], y_test['time'], risk_scores)[0]

# Uno's C-index (recommended)
c_uno = concordance_index_ipcw(y_train, y_test, risk_scores)[0]

#### Time-Dependent AUC Evaluate discrimination at specific time points:

from sksurv.metrics import cumulative_dynamic_auc

times = [365, 730, 1095]  # 1, 2, 3 years
auc, mean_auc = cumulative_dynamic_auc(y_train, y_test, risk_scores, times)

#### Brier Score Assess both discrimination and calibration:

from sksurv.metrics import integrated_brier_score

ibs = integrated_brier_score(y_train, y_test, survival_functions, times)

See: references/evaluation-metrics.md for comprehensive evaluation guidance, metric selection, and using scorers with cross-validation

4. Competing Risks Analysis

Handle situations with multiple mutually exclusive event types:

from sksurv.nonparametric import cumulative_incidence_competing_risks

# Pass SEPARATE arrays: integer-coded event status (0=censored, 1, 2, ...)
# and the observed time. Do NOT collapse the status to a boolean.
times, cif = cumulative_incidence_competing_risks(event_status, time)
# cif[0] = total risk (any event); cif[1:] = CIF for each event type k
cif_event1, cif_event2 = cif[1], cif[2]

Use competing risks when:

• Multiple mutually exclusive event types exist (e.g., death from different causes)
• Occurrence of one event prevents others
• Need probability estimates for specific event types

See: references/competing-risks.md for detailed competing risks methods, cause-specific hazard models, and interpretation

5. Non-parametric Estimation

Estimate survival functions without parametric assumptions:

#### Kaplan-Meier Estimator

from sksurv.nonparametric import kaplan_meier_estimator

time, survival_prob = kaplan_meier_estimator(y['event'], y['time'])

#### Nelson-Aalen Estimator

from sksurv.nonparametric import nelson_aalen_estimator

time, cumulative_hazard = nelson_aalen_estimator(y['event'], y['time'])

Typical Workflows

Workflow 1: Standard Survival Analysis

from sksurv.datasets import load_breast_cancer
from sksurv.linear_model import CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis
from sksurv.metrics import concordance_index_ipcw
from sksurv.preprocessing import encode_categorical
from sksurv.util import Surv
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler

# 1. Load and prepare data (encode categoricals; rename outcome fields to event/time)
X, y = load_breast_cancer()
X = encode_categorical(X)
event_field, time_field = y.dtype.names          # ('e.tdm', 't.tdm') for this dataset
y = Surv.from_arrays(event=y[event_field], time=y[time_field])
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
    X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42, stratify=y['event'])

# 2. Preprocess
scaler = StandardScaler()
X_train_scaled = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_scaled = scaler.transform(X_test)

# 3. Fit model (alpha > 0 adds a ridge penalty; unpenalized Cox fails when
#    features are many relative to events, as in this 198-patient, 80-feature dataset)
estimator = CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis(alpha=0.1)
estimator.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)

# 4. Predict
risk_scores = estimator.predict(X_test_scaled)

# 5. Evaluate
c_index = concordance_index_ipcw(y_train, y_test, risk_scores)[0]
print(f"C-index: {c_index:.3f}")

Workflow 2: High-Dimensional Data with Feature Selection

The IPCW scorer wrappers (as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer, as_integrated_brier_score_scorer, as_cumulative_dynamic_auc_scorer) WRAP the estimator and override its .score() method — they are NOT passed to scoring=. Pass the wrapped object as the GridSearchCV estimator and prefix tuned params with estimator__. There is no valid scoring='concordance_index_ipcw' string.

CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis fits a whole regularization path: coef_ has shape (n_features, n_alphas), one column per penalty in alphas_. Tune a single penalty from that path, then read the non-zero coefficients of the chosen column.

import numpy as np
from sksurv.linear_model import CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sksurv.metrics import as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer

# 1. Fit once to get the penalty path (l1_ratio near 1 = lasso-like sparsity)
path = CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis(l1_ratio=0.9, alpha_min_ratio=0.01).fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)

# 2. Wrap the estimator so .score() uses Uno's C-index, then tune one alpha per fit.
#    tau caps the evaluation horizon to avoid unstable IPCW weights in the tail.
wrapped = as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer(
    CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis(l1_ratio=0.9, fit_baseline_model=True), tau=y_train['time'].max())
param_grid = {'estimator__alphas': [[a] for a in path.alphas_]}
# With p >> n the smallest penalties can fail to converge; GridSearchCV reports them as
# FitFailedWarning / NaN scores and still selects among the penalties that fit.
cv = GridSearchCV(wrapped, param_grid, cv=5)
cv.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)

# 3. Identify selected features (unwrap to reach the Coxnet estimator; coef_ is (n_features, 1))
best_model = cv.best_estimator_.estimator_
selected_features = X.columns[np.flatnonzero(best_model.coef_[:, 0])]

Workflow 3: Ensemble Method for Maximum Performance

from sksurv.ensemble import GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sksurv.metrics import as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer, concordance_index_ipcw

# 1. Define parameter grid
param_grid = {
    'learning_rate': [0.01, 0.05, 0.1],
    'n_estimators': [100, 200, 300],
    'max_depth': [3, 5, 7]
}

# 2. Grid search (wrap estimator so .score() is Uno's C-index; prefix params)
gbs = GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis(random_state=42)
wrapped = as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer(gbs, tau=y_train['time'].max())
param_grid = {f'estimator__{k}': v for k, v in param_grid.items()}
cv = GridSearchCV(wrapped, param_grid, cv=5, n_jobs=-1)
cv.fit(X_train, y_train)

# 3. Evaluate best model on held-out test set
best_model = cv.best_estimator_.estimator_
risk_scores = best_model.predict(X_test)
c_index = concordance_index_ipcw(y_train, y_test, risk_scores)[0]

Workflow 4: Comprehensive Model Comparison

from sksurv.linear_model import CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis
from sksurv.ensemble import RandomSurvivalForest, GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis
from sksurv.svm import FastSurvivalSVM
from sksurv.metrics import concordance_index_ipcw, integrated_brier_score

# Define models
models = {
    'Cox': CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis(alpha=0.1),
    'RSF': RandomSurvivalForest(n_estimators=100, random_state=42),
    'GBS': GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis(random_state=42),
    'SVM': FastSurvivalSVM(random_state=42)
}

# Evaluate each model
results = {}
for name, model in models.items():
    model.fit(X_train_scaled, y_train)
    risk_scores = model.predict(X_test_scaled)
    c_index = concordance_index_ipcw(y_train, y_test, risk_scores)[0]
    results[name] = c_index
    print(f"{name}: C-index = {c_index:.3f}")

# Select best model
best_model_name = max(results, key=results.get)
print(f"\nBest model: {best_model_name}")

Integration with scikit-learn

scikit-survival fully integrates with scikit-learn's ecosystem:

from sklearn.pipeline import Pipeline
from sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score, GridSearchCV
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
from sksurv.linear_model import CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis
from sksurv.metrics import as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer

# Build the pipeline, then wrap it so .score() is Uno's C-index.
# Wrapping the whole pipeline keeps scaling inside each CV fold (no leakage).
pipeline = Pipeline([
    ('scaler', StandardScaler()),
    ('model', CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis())
])
wrapped = as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer(pipeline, tau=y['time'].max())

# Cross-validation uses the wrapped estimator's .score(); leave scoring=None
scores = cross_val_score(wrapped, X, y, cv=5)

# Grid search: params live under estimator__ (wrapper) then the pipeline step
param_grid = {'estimator__model__alpha': [0.1, 1.0, 10.0]}
cv = GridSearchCV(wrapped, param_grid, cv=5)
cv.fit(X, y)

Best Practices

1. Always standardize features for SVMs and regularized Cox models
2. Use Uno's C-index instead of Harrell's when censoring > 40%
3. Report multiple evaluation metrics (C-index, integrated Brier score, time-dependent AUC)
4. Check proportional hazards assumption for Cox models
5. Use cross-validation for hyperparameter tuning with appropriate scorers
6. Validate data quality before modeling (check for negative times, sufficient events per feature)
7. Compare multiple model types to find best performance
8. Use permutation importance for Random Survival Forests (not built-in importance)
9. Consider competing risks when multiple event types exist
10. Document censoring mechanism and rates in analysis

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

1. Using Harrell's C-index with high censoring → Use Uno's C-index
2. Not standardizing features for SVMs → Always standardize
3. Forgetting to pass y_train to concordance_index_ipcw → Required for IPCW calculation
4. Treating competing events as censored → Use competing risks methods
5. Not checking for sufficient events per feature → Rule of thumb: 10+ events per feature
6. Using built-in feature importance for RSF → Use permutation importance
7. Ignoring proportional hazards assumption → Validate or use alternative models
8. Passing `as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer()` to `scoring=` → It WRAPS the estimator (overriding .score()); pass the wrapped object as the estimator and prefix params with estimator__

Version Notes

• scikit-survival 0.28 (July 2026) requires scikit-learn ≥ 1.9, accepts polars DataFrames in all estimators, and removed the criterion parameter from GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis; 0.27 added pandas 3 support.
• CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis requires 0 < l1_ratio ≤ 1; for a pure ridge penalty use CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis(alpha=...).

Reference Files

This skill includes detailed reference files for specific topics:

• `references/cox-models.md`: Complete guide to Cox proportional hazards models, penalized Cox (CoxNet), IPCRidge, regularization strategies, and interpretation
• `references/ensemble-models.md`: Random Survival Forests, Gradient Boosting, hyperparameter tuning, feature importance, and model selection
• `references/evaluation-metrics.md`: Concordance index (Harrell's vs Uno's), time-dependent AUC, Brier score, comprehensive evaluation pipelines
• `references/data-handling.md`: Data loading, preprocessing workflows, handling missing data, feature encoding, validation checks
• `references/svm-models.md`: Survival Support Vector Machines, kernel selection, clinical kernel transform, hyperparameter tuning
• `references/competing-risks.md`: Competing risks analysis, cumulative incidence functions, cause-specific hazard models

Load these reference files when detailed information is needed for specific tasks.

Additional Resources

• Official Documentation: https://scikit-survival.readthedocs.io/
• GitHub Repository: https://github.com/sebp/scikit-survival
• Built-in Datasets: Use sksurv.datasets for practice datasets (GBSG2, WHAS500, veterans lung cancer, etc.)
• API Reference: Complete list of classes and functions at https://scikit-survival.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/index.html

Quick Reference: Key Imports

# Models
from sksurv.linear_model import CoxPHSurvivalAnalysis, CoxnetSurvivalAnalysis, IPCRidge
from sksurv.ensemble import RandomSurvivalForest, GradientBoostingSurvivalAnalysis
from sksurv.svm import FastSurvivalSVM, FastKernelSurvivalSVM
from sksurv.tree import SurvivalTree

# Evaluation metrics
from sksurv.metrics import (
    concordance_index_censored,
    concordance_index_ipcw,
    cumulative_dynamic_auc,
    brier_score,
    integrated_brier_score,
    as_concordance_index_ipcw_scorer,
    as_integrated_brier_score_scorer
)

# Non-parametric estimation
from sksurv.nonparametric import (
    kaplan_meier_estimator,
    nelson_aalen_estimator,
    cumulative_incidence_competing_risks
)

# Data handling
from sksurv.util import Surv
from sksurv.preprocessing import OneHotEncoder, encode_categorical
from sksurv.datasets import load_gbsg2, load_breast_cancer, load_veterans_lung_cancer

# Kernels
from sksurv.kernels import ClinicalKernelTransform